Ciladaha cillad la'aanta jirka
Xanuunada difaaca jirka waxay dhacaan marka jawaab celinta jirka uu yaraado ama maqnaado.
Nidaamka difaaca wuxuu ka kooban yahay unugyada lymfoid ee jirka ku jira, oo ay ka mid yihiin:
- Dhuuxa lafta
- Qanjidhada qanjidhada
- Qaybo ka mid ah beeryarada iyo mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka
- Thymus
- Qumanka
Barootiinnada iyo unugyada dhiigga ku jira ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah nidaamka difaaca jirka.
Nidaamka difaaca wuxuu jirka ka caawiyaa inuu jirka ka ilaaliyo walxaha waxyeelada leh ee loo yaqaan antigens. Tusaalooyinka antigens-ka waxaa ka mid ah bakteeriyada, fayrasyada, sunta, unugyada kansarka, iyo dhiig shisheeye ama unugyo ka yimid qof ama nooc kale.
Marka nidaamka difaaca jirka uu ogaado antigen, waxay ku jawaabtaa iyadoo soo saaraysa borotiinno loo yaqaanno difaaca jirka oo baabi'iya walxaha halista ah. Ka jawaab celinta habka difaaca jirka sidoo kale waxay ku lug leedahay nidaam loo yaqaan 'phagocytosis'. Inta lagu guda jiro hawshan, unugyada dhiiga cad qaarkood ayaa liqaya oo burburinaya bakteeriyada iyo walxaha kale ee shisheeyaha ah. Borotiinno la yiraahdo caawinaad dhameystiran oo howshan ah.
Ciladaha difaaca jirka ayaa saameyn ku yeelan kara qayb kasta oo ka mid ah nidaamka difaaca jirka. Badanaa, xaaladahaani waxay dhacaan marka unugyada dhiigga cad ee khaaska ah ee loo yaqaan 'T ama B lymphocytes (ama labadaba) aysan u shaqeyn si caadi ah ama jirkaaga uusan soo saarin unugyada difaaca jirka ku filan.
Xanuunada yaraanta difaaca jirka ee saameeya unugyada B waxaa kamid ah:
- Hypogammaglobulinemia, oo badanaa keenta infekshannada neef-mareenka iyo caloosha iyo caloosha
- Agammaglobulinemia, taas oo keenta infekshano daran nolosha hore, waana mid badanaa dilaa
Xanuunada difaaca jirka ee laga dhaxlo ee saameeya unugyada T waxay sababi karaan cudurada Candida (yeast) soo noqnoqda. Isku-dhafka difaaca jirka ee la iska dhaxlay ayaa saameeya labada unugyada T iyo unugyada B. Waxay noqon kartaa mid dilaa ah sanadka ugu horeeya ee nolosha haddii aan si dhakhso leh loo daaweyn.
Dadka waxaa la sheegaa inay iska difaacaan markay leeyihiin cillad difaac la'aan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay daawooyinka daciifiya habka difaaca jirka (sida corticosteroids). Immunosuppression sidoo kale waa saameyn guud oo caadi ah oo daaweynta kemotherabi ah oo loo bixiyo daaweynta kansarka.
Yaraanshaha difaaca jirka ee jirka ayaa laga yaabaa inay dhibaato ka tahay cudurada sida HIV / AIDS iyo nafaqo-xumo (gaar ahaan haddii qofku uusan cunin borotiin ku filan). Kansarro badan ayaa sidoo kale sababi kara yaraanta jirka.
Dadka xuubka beelka laga soo saaray waxay leeyihiin aqoon yari, waxayna halis sare ugu jiraan infekshinka bakteeriyada qaarkood oo caajisku sida caadiga ah ka caawiyo la dagaalanka. Dadka qaba sonkorowga sidoo kale waxay halis sare ugu jiraan infekshannada qaarkood.
Markii aad sii gabowdaba, habka difaaca jirka ayaa noqonaya mid aan waxtar badan lahayn. Unugyada habdhiska difaaca jirka (gaar ahaan unugyada 'lymphoid tissue' sida thymus) way yaraadaan, oo tirada iyo waxqabadka unugyada dhiigga cad ayaa hoos u dhaca.
Xaaladaha soosocda iyo cudurada waxay horseedi karaan cillad yaraanta jirka:
- Ataxia-telangiectasia
- Kaabista cilladaha
- DiGeorge syndrome
- Hypogammaglobulinemia
- Cilladda shaqada
- Ciladaha adkaynta Leukocyte
- Agammaglobulinemia
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Bixiyaha xanaanada caafimaadkaaga ayaa laga yaabaa inuu u maleeyo inaad qabtid cillad yaraanta difaaca jirka haddii aad:
- Infekshannada soo noqnoqda ama aan tagin
- Infekshan daran oo ka yimaada bakteeriyada ama jeermisyada kale ee aan badanaa keenin infekshin daran
Calaamadaha kale waxaa ka mid ah:
- Jawaabta liidata ee daaweynta cudurada
- Daahay daahis ama aan dhameystirneyn jirro
- Noocyada kansarka qaarkood (sida Kaposi sarcoma ama non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
- Infekshinnada qaarkood (oo ay ku jiraan noocyo oof-wareenka qaarkood ama infakshanno khamiir soo noqnoqda ah)
Astaamuhu waxay kuxiranyihiin cilada. Tusaale ahaan, kuwa leh heerarka hoos u dhaca IgA oo ay weheliso heerar hoose oo ka mid ah noocyada hoose ee IgG waxay u badan tahay inay yeeshaan dhibaatooyin la xiriira sambabaha, sinuska, dhegaha, cunaha, iyo habka dheef-shiidka.
Tijaabooyinka loo adeegsado in lagu caawiyo baaritaanka cillad yaraanta jirka waxaa ka mid noqon kara:
- Ku dar heerarka dhiiga, ama baaritaano kale si loo cabiro walxaha uu soo daayo nidaamka difaaca jirka
- Baaritaanka HIV
- Heerarka Immunoglobulin ee dhiigga ku jira
- Barootiinka electrophoresis (dhiig ama kaadi)
- T (thymus kasoo jeeda) tirinta 'lymphocyte'
- Tirada unugyada dhiigga cad
Ujeedada daaweyntu waa in laga hortago infekshinka lana daaweeyo cudur kasta iyo infekshannada soo kordha.
Haddii nidaamka jirku daciif yahay, waa inaad iska ilaalisaa inaad la xiriirto dadka qaba infekshannada ama cudurrada faafa. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad ka fogaato dadka lagu tallaalay tallaalka fayraska nool 2-dii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay.
Haddii aad isku aragto infekshan, bixiyahaaga ayaa kugula dhaqmi doona si gardarro ah. Tani waxay ku lug yeelan kartaa isticmaalka muddada-dheer ee antibiyootikada ama daawooyinka antifungal si looga hortago infekshannada ay ku soo laabtaan.
Interferon waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo infekshinka fayraska iyo noocyada kansarka qaarkood. Waa daawo ka dhigaysa habka difaaca jirka inuu si fiican u shaqeeyo.
Dadka qaba HIV / AIDS waxay qaadan karaan daawooyin isku dhafan si loo yareeyo qadarka HIV ee hababka difaaca jirka loona wanaajiyo difaacooda.
Dadka la siinayo inay ka soo baxaan beeryarada qorshaysan waa in la tallaalaa 2 toddobaad ka hor qalliinka ka hortagga bakteeriyada sida Oof-wareenka 'Stptoptoccus pneumonia' iyo Haemophilus hargabka. Dadka aan horey loo tallaalin ama aan lahayn wax difaac ah oo la yaqaan waa inay sidoo kale qaataan MMR, iyo tallaalada busbuska. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa sidoo kale lagula talinayaa in dadku ay helaan taxanaha tallaalka DTaP ama tallaal buuster ah markii loo baahdo.
Beerista dhuuxa lafta ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu daaweeyo xaaladaha nafaqo darida qaarkood.
Difaaca jirka (qaadashada unugyada difaaca jirka ee ay soo saaraan qof kale ama xayawaan) ayaa mararka qaarkood lagula talin karaa in looga hortago jirro ka dib marka aad la kulanto bakteeriyada qaarkood ama fayrasyada.
Dadka heerarka hoose ama maqnaanshaha ee immunoglobulin qaarkood ayaa laga yaabaa in laga caawiyo xididka 'immunoglobulin' (IVIG), oo laga siiyo xididka.
Qaar ka mid ah cilladaha difaaca jirka waa khafiif waxayna sababaan jirro waqti ka waqti. Kuwa kale way daran yihiin waxaana laga yaabaa inay dhintaan. Immunosuppression oo ay keento daawooyinku badanaa way baaba'aan marka daawada la joojiyo.
Dhibaatooyinka jirrooyinka yaraanta waxaa ka mid noqon kara:
- Jirro joogto ah ama joogto ah
- Khatarta sii kordheysa ee kansarrada ama burooyinka qaarkood
- Khatarta infekshanka oo kordhay
Wac dhaqtarkaaga isla markiiba haddii aad kujirtid kemotherabi ama corticosteroids oo aad horumariso:
- Qandho dhan 100.5 ° F (38 ° C) ama ka sare
- Qufac leh neef-qabad
- Calool xanuun
- Calaamadaha kale ee cusub
Aad qolka gargaarka degdegga ah ama wac nambarkaaga deg-degga ah ee deegaanka (sida 911) haddii aad leedahay qoor adag oo madax xanuun leh qandhada.
La xiriir adeeg bixiyahaaga haddii aad jeermisyo infakshan ah ku soo noqnoqoto ama cabeebka afka.
Ma jiro waddo la yaqaan oo looga hortago cudurada la iska dhaxlo ee la iska dhaxlo. Haddii aad leedahay taariikh qoys oo ah cilladaha difaaca jirka, waxaad u baahan kartaa la-talin xagga hidda-socodka ah.
Ku celcelinta galmada badbaadada leh iyo ka fogaanshaha wadaagista dareeraha jirka ayaa kaa caawin kara kahortagga HIV / AIDS. Weydii dhakhtarkaaga haddii daawo la yiraahdo Truvada ay kugu habboon tahay inaad ka hortagto infekshinka HIV.
Nafaqada wanaagsan ayaa laga yaabaa inay kahortagto yaraanta jirka ee nafaqo-xumada.
Tallaalka tallaalka; Immunodepressed - difaac yaraanta; Immunosuppressed - difaaca jirka; Hypogammaglobulinemia - yaraanshaha jirka; Agammaglobulinemia - yaraanshaha jirka
- Antibodies
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Dhalasho iyo helitaan la'aanta cudurada. Gudaha: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, eds. Immunology gacanta iyo Molecular. 9aad. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: cutubka 21.
Bonanni P, Grazzini M, Niccolai G, et al. Tallaalada lagu taliyay ee loogu talagalay bukaanka qaangaarka ah ee asplenic iyo hyposplenic. Hum Tallaalka Tallaalka. 2017; 13 (2): 359-368. PMID: 27929751 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929751/.
Cunningham-Rundles C. Cudurada asaasiga u ah difaaca jirka. Gudaha: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Daawada Goldman-Cecil. 26aad. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: cutubka 236.