Gram Stain

Qanacsan

• Waa maxay summada Gram?
• Maxaa loo adeegsadaa?
• Maxaan ugu baahanahay wasakhda Gram?
• Maxaa dhacaya inta lagu guda jiro wasakhda Gram?
• Ma u baahanahay inaan sameeyo wax walba si aan ugu diyaargaroobo imtixaanka?
• Ma jiraan wax khatar ah oo imtaxaanku leeyahay?
• Maxay natiijooyinka ka dhigan yihiin?
• Ma jiraan wax kale oo aan u baahanahay inaan ka ogaado wasakhda Gram?
• Tixraacyo

Waa maxay summada Gram?

Shaybaarka 'Gram stain' waa baaritaan lagu hubiyo bakteeriyada goobta laga shakisan yahay infekshin ama dheecaannada jirka qaarkood, sida dhiigga ama kaadida. Goobahaas waxaa ka mid ah cunaha, sambabaha, iyo xubnaha taranka, iyo nabarada maqaarka.

Waxaa jira laba qaybood oo waaweyn oo ah infekshannada bakteeriyada: Gram-positive iyo Gram-negative. Qeybaha waxaa lagu ogaadaa iyadoo lagu saleynayo sida bakteeriyada ay uga falceliso summada Gram. Wasaqda Gram waa midab buluug ah. Markay wasakhda isku darsamayso bakteeriyada ku jirta sambalka, bakteeriyadu waxay noqon doontaa mid midab leh ama midab casaan ah ama casaan ah Haddii bakteeriyada ay ku sii ekaato midab guduud ah, waa Gram-positive. Haddii bakteeriyadu isu rogto casaan ama casaan, waa Gram-negative. Labada qaybood waxay sababaan noocyo kala duwan oo infekshanno ah:

• Infekshannada Gram-positive waxaa ka mid ah daawada loo yaqaan 'sthiclococcus aureus' ee u adkeysata daawada methicillin (MRSA), infekshannada la iska arko, iyo shoog sun ah.
• Infekshinka Gram-taban waxaa ka mid ah salmonella, oof-wareen, infekshinka kaadi mareenka, iyo jabtada.

Sunta Gram ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa in lagu baaro cudurada fungal.

Magacyada kale: Wasakhda Gram

Maxaa loo adeegsadaa?

Wasaqda Gram waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu ogaado haddii aad qabtid infekshan bakteeriya ah. Haddii aad sameyso, baaritaanka wuxuu muujinayaa haddii cudurkaagu yahay Gram-positive ama Gram-negative.

Maxaan ugu baahanahay wasakhda Gram?

Waxaad u baahan kartaa baaritaankaan haddii aad leedahay astaamaha infekshinka bakteeriyada. Xanuun, qandho, iyo daal ayaa ah calaamadaha caanka ah ee infekshanno badan oo bakteeriya ah. Calaamadaha kale waxay ku xirnaan doonaan nooca cudurka aad qabtid iyo halka jirka uu ku yaal.

Maxaa dhacaya inta lagu guda jiro wasakhda Gram?

Bixiyaha xanaanada caafimaadkaaga wuxuu u baahan doonaa inuu shaybaar ka qaado goobta cudurka looga shakisan yahay ama dheecaanka jirka qaarkood, iyadoo kuxiran nooca cudurka aad qaadi karto. Noocyada ugu caansan ee baaritaanka Gram stain ayaa hoos ku taxan.

Muunad nabar:

• Bixiye ayaa u isticmaali doona suuf gaar ah inuu ka soo qaado muunad barta nabarkaaga.

Tijaabada dhiigga:

• Bixiye ayaa sambal dhiig ah ka qaadi doona xididka gacantaada.

Tijaabada kaadida:

• Waxaad ku siin doontaa shay nadiif ah oo kaadi ah oo koob ah, sida uu ku faray bixiyaha xanaanada caafimaadkaaga.

Dhaqanka cunaha:

• Bixiyaha xanaanada caafimaadkaaga ayaa suuf gaar ah galin doona afkaaga si tijaabo looga qaado dhabarka cunaha iyo qumanka.

Dhaqanka Xaakada. Xaako waa xaako qaro weyn oo laga qufaco sambabada. Way ka duwan tahay candhuuf ama candhuuf.

• Bixiyaha xanaanada caafimaadkaaga ayaa ku weydiin doona inaad xaako ku qufacdid koob gaar ah, ama suuf khaas ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si sanka lagaa qaado.

Ma u baahanahay inaan sameeyo wax walba si aan ugu diyaargaroobo imtixaanka?

Uma baahnid wax diyaargarow gaar ah oo loogu talagalay wasakhda Gram.

Ma jiraan wax khatar ah oo imtaxaanku leeyahay?

Khatar maleh inaad yeelato suuf, xaako, ama kaadi baaris.

Khatar aad u yar baa jirta in dhiig lagaa qaado. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad xanuun yar ama nabar ku yeelato barta irbadda lagu muday, laakiin astaamaha badankood si dhakhso leh ayey u baxaan.

Maxay natiijooyinka ka dhigan yihiin?

Shaybaarkaaga waxaa lagu dhejin doonaa isbarbardhig waxaana lagu daaweyn doonaa wasakhda Gram. Xirfadle shaybaar ayaa baari doona boodhka ka hooseeya mikroskoob. Haddii aan la helin wax bakteeriya ah, waxay ka dhigan tahay inaadan qabin infekshan bakteeriya ah ama aysan jirin bakteeriyo ku filan saamiga.

Haddii bakteeriya la helay, waxay yeelan doontaa astaamo qaarkood waxay ku siin karaan macluumaad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan cudurkaaga:

• Haddii bakteeriyadu midabkeedu yahay buluug, waxay ka dhigan tahay inaad u badan tahay infekshinka Gram-positive.
• Haddii bakteeriyada midabkeedu yahay casaan ama casaan, waxay ka dhigan tahay inaad u badan tahay infekshinka Gram-negative.

Natiijooyinkaaga waxaa sidoo kale ku jiri doona macluumaad ku saabsan qaabka bakteeriyada ku jirta shaybaarkaaga. Bakteeriyada badankood waa kuwo wareegsan (oo loo yaqaan 'cocci') ama qaab u eg (oo loo yaqaan 'bacilli'). Qaabka ayaa ku siin kara macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan nooca cudurka aad qabtid.

In kasta oo natiijooyinkaagu aysan aqoonsan karin nooca saxda ah ee bakteeriyada ku jirta shaybaarkaaga, waxay ka caawin karaan bixiyahaaga inuu ku soo dhowaado inuu ogaado waxa keena cudurkaaga iyo sida ugu wanaagsan ee loo daaweyn karo. Waxaad u baahan kartaa baaritaanno dheeri ah, sida dhaqanka bakteeriyada, si loo xaqiijiyo nooca bakteeriyada ay tahay.

Natiijooyinka dhibcaha Gram ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay muujiyaan inaad leedahay infekshan fungal ah. Natiijooyinka waxaa laga yaabaa inay muujiyaan nooca infakshanka fungal ee aad leedahay: khamiirka ama caaryada. Laakiin waxaad u baahan kartaa baaritaanno dheeri ah si aad u ogaato nooca fangas gaar ah ee aad leedahay.

Haddii aad su'aalo ka qabtid natiijooyinkaaga, la hadal daryeel caafimaad bixiyahaaga.

Wax badan ka baro baaritaanka shaybaarka, kala duwanaanshaha tixraaca, iyo fahamka natiijooyinka.

Ma jiraan wax kale oo aan u baahanahay inaan ka ogaado wasakhda Gram?

Haddii lagaa helo infekshinka bakteeriyada, waxaa suuragal ah in laguu qoro antibiyootiko. Waa muhiim inaad u qaadato daawadaada sida laguu qoray, xitaa haddii calaamadahaagu khafiif yihiin. Tani waxay ka hortagi kartaa infekshinkaagu ka sii daro oo uu u keeno dhibaatooyin daran.

Tixraacyo

1. Tijaabooyinka Shaybaarka ee Internetka [Internetka] Washington DC: Ururka Mareykanka ee Kiimikada Caafimaadka; c2001–2020. Dhaqanka Dhaawaca Bakteeriyada; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Feb 19; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/bacterial-wound-culture
2. Tijaabooyinka Shaybaarka ee Internetka [Internetka] Washington DC: Ururka Mareykanka ee Kiimikada Caafimaadka; c2001–2020. Gram Stain; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2019 Dec 4; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/gram-stain
3. Tijaabooyinka Shaybaarka ee Internetka [Internetka] Washington DC: Ururka Mareykanka ee Kiimikada Caafimaadka; c2001–2020. Dhaqanka Xaakada, Bakteeriyada; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Jan 14; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/sputum-culture-bacterial
4. Tijaabooyinka Shaybaarka ee Internetka [Internetka] Washington DC: Ururka Mareykanka ee Kiimikada Caafimaadka; c2001–2020. Strep Cunaha Tijaabada; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Jan 14; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/strep-throat-test
5. Tijaabooyinka Shaybaarka ee Internetka [Internetka] Washington DC: Ururka Mareykanka ee Kiimikada Caafimaadka; c2001–2020. Dhaqanka Kaadida; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Jan 31; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/urine-culture
6. Nooca Merck Manual Consumer Version [Internet]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc.; c2020. Ciladda Cudurka faafa; [cusbooneysiiyay 2018 Aug; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease
7. Nooca Merck Manual Consumer Version [Internet]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc.; c2020. Guudmarka Bakteeriyada Gram-Negative; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Feb; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/overview-of-gram-negative-bacteria
8. Nooca Merck Manual Consumer Version [Internet]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc.; c2020. Guudmarka Bakteeriyada Gram-Positive; [cusboonaysiiyay 2019 Jun; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/overview-of-gram-positive-bacteria
9. Kheyraadka Waxbarshada Nololeed ee Microbial [Internet]. Xarunta Kheyraadka Waxbarashada Sayniska; Xakamaynta Gram; [cusbooneysiiyay 2016 Nofeembar 3; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 4 shaashadood]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/microscopy/gramstain.html
10. Machadka Wadnaha, Sambabka, iyo Machadka Dhiiga [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Waaxda Caafimaadka iyo Adeegyada Aadanaha ee Mareykanka; Tijaabooyinka Dhiigga; [waxaa laga soo xigtay 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 3 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-tests
11. O’Toole GA. Tilmaam Caan ah: Sidee Dareenka Gram u shaqeeyaa. J Bacteriol [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; 198 (23): 3128. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5105892
12. Caafimaadka UF: Jaamacadda Florida Health [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): Jaamacadda Florida Caafimaadka; c2020. Gram stain: Guudmarka; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Apr 6; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://ufhealth.org/gram-stain
13. Jaamacadda Rochester Medical Center [Internet]. Rochester (NY): Jaamacadda Rochester Medical Center; c2020. Encyclopedia Caafimaadka: Gram Stain; [waxaa laga soo xigtay 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 2 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=gram_stain
14. Caafimaad Aad U Fiican [Internet]. New York: Ku saabsan, Inc; c2020. Guudmarka Infekshannada Bakteeriyada; [la cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Feb 26; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 3 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-bacterial-infection-770565
15. Caafimaad Aad U Fiican [Internet]. New York: Ku saabsan, Inc; c2020. Nidaamka Sram Sram ee Cilmi-baarista iyo Shaybaarada; [cusboonaysiiyay 2020 Jan 12; daliishaday 2020 Apr 6]; [ilaa 3 shaashad]. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.verywellhealth.com/information-about-gram-stain-1958832

Macluumaadka ku yaal boggan waa in aan loo isticmaalin beddel daryeel caafimaad oo xirfad leh ama talo. La xiriir bixiye daryeel caafimaad haddii aad su'aalo ka qabtid caafimaadkaaga.